Ulug Kuzuoglu

My research explores how studies of the human mind have affected greater state policies concerning the reform of ethnic minorities’ languages and scripts in the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s. After the PRC was founded in 1949, hundreds of psychologists and linguists made their ways into the fringes of the nation and established “Psychological Committees” next to “Language and Script Committees.” They engineered new scripts for the minorities and launched large-scale literacy campaigns. Examining the orthographic tumult in Xinjiang when the Arabic script of the Turco-Muslim minorities was first Cyrillized in 1956, then Romanized in 1964, and then re-Arabized again in 1982, my research investigates how psychological research informed the implementation of script reforms.

This dissertation explores the global history of Chinese script reforms from the 1890s to the 1980s. During this period, Chinese intellectuals identified the Chinese logographic writing system as the primary reason for backwardness, and re-engineered the Chinese script to fit the demands of the modern information age. This project demonstrates that Chinese script reform was part of a global history of knowledge economy, in which the management and optimization of clerical and mental labor through innovations in writing technologies were key concerns for modernizing economies. Examining Chinese as well as Russian, American, and Turkic scientists who were instrumental in giving a final shape to the Chinese script, this dissertation interrogates the historical interface between humans and information technologies.

This book explores the history of “Cang Jie,” a method for inputting Chinese characters into computers that was invented in 1978 by Zhu Bangfu in Taiwan. More than just a technical instrument, Cang Jie was the first character-based architecture for engineering artificial intelligence in Chinese in the 1980s and 1990s, and it gave birth to projects that straddled the boundaries between science and pseudoscience, such as Daoist experiments in predicting the future and text-to-3D animation technologies. Charting the rise and demise of Cang Jie from the 1970s to the early 2000s, this book demonstrates how the realities and fantasies around A.I. were entangled with global geopolitics, cybernetic advancements, and uncertainties about the place of human intelligence in a computerizing world.