Christopher Gratien

This dissertation examines the interplay between the factors of disease, ecology, economics, and population movement in modern Anatolia over roughly a century beginning with the post-Crimean War era of the 1860s. Through a social environmental history of the Adana region, it examines the ways in which forced settlement impacted communities of nomads and immigrants and how the process and failures of settlement influenced state practice. By giving special attention to the ways in which diseases such as malaria presented challenges to settlement and undermined certain policies, the project links changes in the Anatolian countryside to the broader empire-wide and global trends of the late-Ottoman, World War I, French Occupation, and Republican periods.